FALSIES FOR GREEK
LANGUAGE &
WRITING
By A. Krassanakis
1. The falsies for the different
ancient Greek Language and for Greek historical script
According to a medieval point of view expressed by Dutch philologist Desiderius
Erasmus (1457 –
1) The New Greek write in the way their
forefathers were once used to write speak. They write in the ancient way (the
ancient pronounce), but their pronunciation is different (the pronounce of
today).
2) The ancient Greek language is different
(variant) compared to the modern one because the ancient Greek contained the
phthongs (sound, voice of words) ω, η, υ, which have survived in the modern Greek
script traditionally and historically!
Beginning the Erasmus from the
thought that the ancient Greeks it was not possible they begin the writing with
a lot of points (letters of alphabet) for same sound (phthong) of the word,
e.g. the letters Y and I for the sound [ι], the letters O and Ω for the sound [o] etc
led from now on error conclusion:
(I) The writing of new Greeks (and the
writings with the Latin characters, because imitate the writing of ancient
Greeks) is historical, because it maintains from habit the letters Ω, Η, Υ… E.g.: τιμώ, καλώ … while they ceased represent sounds of Greek language, because they
coincided with the accent of O, I,
(II)
The ancient Greek language was different from news, because:
a) ancient contained also the sounds of words
that was written with letters Ω, Η, Υ, where the letter Η pronounced as long [ε], that is to say until two extended [εε], The letter Ω
pronounced as long [ο], that is to say until two extended [oo ]
and Y as [u ]. For the himself the clusters: AI EI YI OY AY EY IY, HY….
pronounced as shows their digits, that is to say: AI = [ a-i ], EI = [ e-i ],
YI = [ o-i ], OY = [ o-i], AY = [ au ], EY = [ eu ], HY = [ eeu ]…..
b) the doubly similar letters mm, nn, ss,...
pronounced and the two and not only the one where pronounce today,
c) the letters d, b, g pronounced as
"nt, mp, nk/g" and no until today.
Pronunciation of ancient Greek words, according to the Erasmus: γεωργία
(agriculture) = "geoorgja" and no "gheorghίa", Ευρώπη (
It is marked that:
1. The above-mentioned opinion of Erasmus
caused then reaction in very a lot of scholars, Greeks and foreigners, as in Κλέωνα
Ραγκαβή (Kl. Ragavi) in the German (Vavaro)
2. Above-mentioned Erasmus opinion (aspect),
even if it is error, was imported in the schools of west the 16th century and
is in effect up to today.
The above opinion of
Erasmus is wrong, because:
A) Historical script
is the script with the Latin characters (English, Dutch, France etc) and
not the Greek. In these scripts we write many words like in Greek or
Latin and not according to a writing system, for examples:
Greek: πρόβλημα, τιτάν(ας),
Γεωργία, Ευρώπη, ιδέα, τυπώ(νω),
φωτοτυπία, νέο, Ολυμπιακός, φιλοσοφία, τηλέφωνο......
& English: problem (“πρόμπλεμ»), titan(«ταϊταν»), George («τζόρτζια»), Europe
(«γιούροπ»), idea («αϊντία»), type («τάϊπ»), prototype , new, Olympia philosophy, telephone,...
Latin: cluba (κλούμπα -κλούβα), cupa (κούπα),
& English: club («κλάμπ»), cup («κάπ»), America, plus («πλας»), imperial («ιμπίριαλ»), line («λάϊν»), double ("ντάμπλ"), gates (γκέϊτς)
B) In ancient Greek language there are the
same phthongs (= sounds of words) as in modern. Simple in Greek script, old and
modern, there are homophone (same sound, same voice) letters, the letters: o & ω = (o), ε & αι = [ ε], η & υ & ι & ει & οι & υι = [ι]..., and each word is written with
one of these homophones letters according to its etymology (= according to its
part of speech, form of word: gender, number, case... and derivation or
composition) on the one hand in order to establish (help) its meaning and on
the other to distinguish the homophone (same sounds) words, i.e.: καλώ & καλό, κουτί & κουτή & κουτοί, φύλο & φύλλο,...
Rules:
The verbs are writing with –ω: σήκω, καλώ, φοιτώ, λέγω...
The adverbs with
–ω(ς): καλώς, κακώς... παρακάτω, άνω,
κάτω…
The females with –η: Καλή, κακή, Νίκη, νίκη...
The males with
–ο: Καλός, κακός, Νίκος...
The neutrals with
–ο,ι: σύκο, κακό, ελαφρό... τυρί, φιλί...
,..............
Phonetic (oral speech): “kalό, sίko,
άporo,
άdhiko.....
& Script with the Greek script:
καλ-ό, σύκ-ο, άπορ-ο, άδικ-ο,...
(the neutrals
are writing at ending with letter
–ο )
& καλ-ώ, σήκ-ω,
απορ-ώ, αδικ-ώ,...
(the verbs are writing
at ending with letter -ω)
In Greek script, if you see a written word with the letter –ω (at the ending), it is mean that this word is verb: καλ-ώ,είς... With the letter -o = neuter: καλ-ό, σύκο.., with the letter -η = masculine: καλ-ή, καλ-ής.....
In examining the words we notice that many of them are homophones
(similar voice, same sound words) which was caused by either phonological
variation or their mutations in time and on inflection (because of homophonic
endings): καλ(έ)-ω > καλώ, καλ(έ)-εις
> καλείς, καλ(έ)-ει > καλεί... (= verb, ρήμα) & καλός, καλή, καλό (= adjective, επίθετο ) & καλός > καλοί (plural)...
Moreover in examining these same sound words, we notice that they do not
belong to the same kind of speech or gender or form of the words.
In addition, the Greek script have for some phthongs more letters than
one (see o & ω, η & υ & ι...), so that by writing some parts of
speech or types (gender, case etc) of the words with some homophone letters on the
one hand and with the rest on the other hand for suggestion. In that way we
distinguish between the same sound words and find help in the analysis and
discovering the meaning of a word. For instance:
Phonetically: “καλός, καλί, καλίς, καλό…..”
= In Greek script
(Orthographically):
καλώ, καλείς, καλεί... (With –ω, if it is
verb)
καλό, καλή, καλής, ... (With – ο,η, if it is
adjective)
καλώς (With –ως, if it is adverb)
& καλός (with –ος if it is adjective)
καλή (With –η, if it is
singular) & καλοί (with –οι, if it is plural)
Same: “ίλι” = ύλη & ίλη & ήλοι &
είλη, “ίδι” = είδη & ήδη & Ίδη, «λίπι» = λύπη & λείπει & λίπη,
«φίλο» = φίλο & φύλο & φύλλο, «λίρα»= λίρα & λύρα, «κουτί» = κουτί
& κουτοί & κουτή...
The examples above show us that whenever there are no the homophone
letters, we are not able to know what we write.
Because of the same sound words we are not able to distinguish whether a
words is noun or verb, male or female, plural or singular....
3) If the new (modern) Greek script were
historical, then:
a) The Greek words are always written with
the same letters (as it happen in English writing), however such something does
not happen, see:
Ancient (αρχαία): τιμάω, φάος, κόνις, πυρία, Ελλάς, ανθέει, δένδρον…
= modern (νέα): τιμώ, φως, σκόνη, σπύρτα, Ελλάς, ανθεί, δέντρο…
b) In a lot of written words would exist
dimension between accent and writing, as it happens in the English for example
historical writing. That is to say they would be presented the phenomenon for
the same letter we have very a lot of or different accents or with a letter we
depict different sounds of the words, however such something it does not
happen, see eg that in the words: καλή,
σοφή, ώρα, θεός, συν, σφαίρα, θείος… (= good (woman), wise man, hour, god, plus,
ball, uncle…) the letters o,ω pronounce always [o], the letter ε,αι always ε….
On the contrary, see eg in English: ιδέα > idea (= accent "αίntία"), Ευρώπη > Europe (accent "ghjou'rop"), go (“nko-u”), doc (“ntok”), come
(“kam”), one (“oua'n”)…... where, and as we see here, the letters they are
always one and alone accent, but many, depending on the word (see eg that the
letter o pronounce when oou, when o, when a, when oua' ...).
Naturally in the Greek writing the tow digits letters: oυ, ει, υι, αι they have always also these the this accent in all the
written speech: καλοί, σφαίρα, καλεί, υιός, ποίοι… (= good, does ball,
call, son…) and various from diphthongs (= two phtongs, two sounds of words): οϋ, εϊ, οϊ, υϊ, αϊ: προϋπόθεση, θεϊκός, δυϊκός, Μάϊος, ευνοϊκός…
We remind that:
a) In the Greek script the homophones letters (= these with which we
suggest with rules the etymology of words) are other of one only digit: o and ω, η and ι... and other of two digits: ει and οι,υι…
And this for technical (comprehension, etymologycal) reasons, as we saw in the book "Τhe
Greek system of writing", A. Krasana'ki.
b) The diphthongs are distinguished by the two digits letters with the “διαλυτικά» (diaresis, resolvents marks) and the accentual mark: παϊδάκια,
δυϊκός, ολόϊδιος, θεϊκός, Μάιος.. (τα: αϊ, εϊ, οϊ.. = diphthong, two sounds of word) & παιδάκια, θείος… (τα: αι, ει.. = two digits letters), orthographic points that do not exist in the Latin
writing so that the linguists of this writing tangle the diphthongs with the
two digits letters and say error things (as that: αι, oι, υι… pronounced before as α-ι, ο-ι, ου-ι…, ..), something that parrot, impermissible, and the current Greek
linguists.
4) If in the ancient Greek the letter ω
pronounced as oo, the
letter η as εε…, then:
a) The words eg:
.: πλοίαρχοι, ανθρώπιναι, παράγωγη.. it would not be supposed they had accentual mark there that has, but a syllable
below, after it is not possible is stressed word above from pro parali'gousa (=
second syllable from final syllable). Then this short and long y that pronounced? .
b) Why exist the: εε, αα, ιι… in the words: νέες & νήες, ευυπόληπτος, πλέετε, Αθηνά & Αθηνάα, μνάα, Αβραάμ, Ααρών, περιίσταμαι, διίσταμαι, διισχυρίσθη, διισχυρίσατο, έπλεε, ποιέεις, πειέει, ποίεε, ποιέετε, Ετεοκλέες,.., προορίζω, πρόοδος, προοίμιο.....;
See and that charm of these and unanimous o
& ω, η & υ.... we
have help in the etymology of words in writing:: πρώτος & προ-ορίζω
(with the two oo, we understand that we have complex word), δια, διάφορος & διίσταμαι (with the two ιι we understand that we have
complex word),
5) If the letters H and I and EI… in the ancient
season they differed in the accent or if e.g. two digits letter EI pronounced
as εϊ,… as says the Erasmus, then:
a) Why ancient they said ορθογραφία
(= correct - spelling) and no ορθοφθογγία (= correct sounding)
b) Why the letters Η, Ω
before the 5th/4th century before Christ doesn’t exist in the
signs of
c) The Plato ("Kraty'los") in one hand it wouldn't search it
finds why does happen this and in other hand it would not say what it says,
that is to say that letter H him we put instead I, when the thing is something
long, the letter I him puts instead the H when the thing is something small'….
as well as that letter E in the word ΠΟΣΕΙΔΩΝ
(= Neptune) has entered perhaps for decency, hence is not read etc.:
«Τω δε αυ ιώτα προς τα λεπτά
πάντα, α δη μάλιστα δια πάντων ιοι αν. Δια ταύτα το <<ιέναι>> και
το <<ιεσθαι>> δια του ιώτα
απομιμείται….. Το δε αυ άλφα τω <<μεγάλω>> απέδωκε και τω <<μήκει>> το ήτα, ότι μεγάλα
τα γράμματα. Εις δε το <<γογγύλον
>> του ου δεόμενος σημείου τούτο πλείστον αυτω εις
το όνομα
ανεκέρασεν. (Κρατύλος 426 - 427
),
«Ποσειδώνα, το δε ε έγκειται ίσως ευπρεπείας ένεκα»
(Κρατύλος 402 e)
2. The falsies for Phoenician or Egyptian
generation of Greek Alphabet
A. Ancient Greek author Plato says that hear in
Due to it’s (after
the text of Plato) to day some people say that
the Greeks took his alphabet from Egyptians,
something is not correct, because:
a) The above myth says that the Egyptians discover the Egyptian letters,
not the Greek. The Greek letters are another story, a story with same
linguistic theme.
b) The icons of Greek letters, the amount of Greek letters and the
mechanism of Greek writing system are entirely different from Egyptian, as we
see later.
c) The amount of Egyptian letters and the mechanism of Egyptian writing
system are entirely same with Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic … writing systems. The
different is only at the icons of the letters.
B. Ancient Greek author Herodotus says that according to his opinion
(“opinion” not inquiry with evidences) the Greeks took the alphabet from the Phoenicians.
He say exactly: «Οι δε Γεφυραιοι, των ήσαν οι
φονέες οι Ιππάρχου, ως μεν αυτοί
λέγουσι, εγεγόνεσαν εξ Ερετρίης την αρχήν, ως δε εγώ αναπυνθανόμενος ευρίσκω, ήσαν Φοίνικες των συν Κάδμω
απικομένων Φοινίκων … Οι δε Φοίνικες ούτοι, οι συν Κάδμω απικόμενοι, των ήσαν
οι Γεφυραιοι, άλλα τε πολλά οικίσαντες ταύτην την χώρην εσήγαγον διδασκαλία ες
τους Έλληνες και δη τα γράμματα ……………>> (Ηρόδοτος, Tερψιχόρη 57 - 59)
In English:
The Gephyraei, to
whom the two men who killed Hipparchus belonged, came, by their own account,
originally from Eretria; but I have myself looked into the matter and find that
they were really Phoenicians, descendants of those who came with Cadmus to what
is now Boeotia where they were allotted the district of Tanagra to make their
homes in. After the expulsion of the Cadmeans by the Argiva, the Gephyraei were
expelled by the Boeotians and took refuge in Athens, where they were received
into the community on certain stated terms, which excluded them from a few
privileges not worth mentioning here…….
The Phoenicians who came with Cadmus (Cadmus = the
founder of Thebes) -
amongst whom were the Gephyraei - introduced into Greece, after their settlement
in the country, a number of accomplishments, of which the most important was
writing, an art till then, I think, unknown to the Greeks. At first they used
the same characters as all the other Phoenicians, but as time went on, and they
changed their language, they also changed the shape of their letters. At that
period most of the Greeks in the neighbourhood were Ionians; they were taught
these letters by the Phoenicians and adopted them, with a few alterations, for
their own use, continuing to refer to them as the Phoenician characters - as
was only right, as the Phoenicians had introduced them. The Ionians also call
paper 'skins' - a survival from antiquity when paper was hard to get, and they
did actually use goat and sheepskins to write on.
Indeed, even today
many foreign peoples use this material. In the
Due to it’s someone’s having said that the
letters of Greek alphabet are made up by Phoenicians and the ancient
These alls are wrong, mistake, because:
1) The Phoenician and Egyptian writing
systems are entirely different from the Greek.
The Greek script
in one hand has letters for all phthongs (sound of words), for all consonants
and for all vowels and in other hand has (there are) homophone vowels letters:
O & , H & Y & I… by which we suggest (using them by grammatical
rules) the etymology (part of speech, gender, number etc) of words or
distinguishing the homophone words, e.g.: λίρα & λύρα, καλό & καλώ...
καλό (with –o = good, adjective) & καλώ (= I cal, verb)
The Phoenician and the
The Phoenician and Egyptian letters aleph,
ayin, yont = two sounds: αα, ουου, ii, as in
words: Αβραάμ (Abraham), Ισαάκ (Isaac), διίσταμαι…
The Phoenician and Egyptian consonant letters:
beth, gimel, daleth = two sounds: mp, nk, nt,
Long and sort vowels there are not in Greek
script. The Greek letters alpha, ου, Iota (άλφα, ου, ιώτα) = one sound α, ου/u, ι. The letters βήτα, γάμα, δέλτα = one sound: β, γ, δ.
The Phoenician and Egyptian alphabets had letters for consonants
sounds as the Greek alphabet, but it did not mean anything, because in one hand
and according to ancient writers Dosiades, Plato etc consonant letters are
founded and in senior scripts (ancient Egyptian script, ancient Cretan script,
Cuneiform script etc) and in other hand the letters of Phoenician and
Egyptian alphabets had shame (are pictures) of animals, men etc (Aleph=
the picture; beth = house etc) and the letters of Greek alphabet are pictures
of pronunciations organs (lips, mouth, tongue etc) each sound: α, β, γ..
2) According to the ancient Greek writer Plutarchus
(see the book «Κακοήθειες Ηροδότου»),
Gephyraiei, Cadmus (= the founder of
a) The people of Theba went by the part of Persians and non by part of
the Greeks in Persian – Greek war ,
b) Gephyraei (or the democratic brothers Armodius and Aristogeiton = the
killers of tyrannous Ipparchus etc) was by the part of democratic people in
<<Τους δε
Θηβαίους πρώτον μεν φησι «μετά των Ελλήνων
εόντας μάχεσθαι υπ’ ανάγκης
εχόμενους»… αποσχισθέντες οι Θηβαίοι χείρας τε προέτειναν και ήσον των
βαρβάρων, λέγοντες τον αληθέστατον των λόγων, ως μήδισαν και γη και ύδωρ έδοσαν
βασιλεί, υπό δ’ ανάγκης εχόμενοι εις Θερμοπύλας… Ειτ΄ ου δηλ`ος εστιν
ιδιαν τινά προς Θηβαίους έχων οργήν και δυσμένειαν, υφ’ ης ου μόνο διέβαλε
ψευδώς και αδίκως την πόλιν, αλλ ουδέ του πιθανού της διαβολής εφρόντισεν, ουδ όπως αυτός εαυτω τα αναντια λέγων παρ’ ολίγους
ανθρώπους ου φανειται συνειδώς;>>
(865, β)
Ειτ΄ ου δηλ`ος εστιν ιδιαν
τινά προς Θηβαίους έχων οργήν και δυσμένειαν, υφ’ ης ου μόνο διέβαλε ψευδώς και
αδίκως την πόλιν, αλλ ουδέ του πιθανού
της διαβολής εφρόντισεν, ουδ όπως
αυτός εαυτω τα αναντια λέγων παρ’
ολίγους ανθρώπους ου φανειται συνειδώς;>> (Plutarch, Kakoithies by Herodotus 865, β)
3) According to the Aristotle the killers of
tyrannous Ipparchus was not Phoenicians
(not the Gephyraei),
but Greeks, the democratic brothers Armodius and Aristogeiton, and for that the Athenians made celebrates
on his honor: <<…..διατίθησι
δ' αγώνα τον επιτάφιον, και
τοις
τελευτηκόσιν
εν
τω
πολέμω
και
Αρμόδιω
και Αριστογείτονι
εναγίσματα
ποιε…>> (Αθηναίων Πολιτεία, Κεφ. ΚΑ' "Οι εννέα
άρχοντες).
4) According to Andokithes, killers
of tyrannous Ipparchus was not Phoenicians (not the Gephyraei), but Greeks, the
democratic brothers Armodius and Aristogeiton, and for that the Athenians made
celebrates on his honor, see:
2) Εδοξε τη βουλη καί τω δημω.....
Εάν τις δημοκρατίαν καταλύη τήν Αθήνησιν.....
Εάν δέ τις κτείνων τινά τούτων αποθάνη ή επιχειρών, ευ ποιήσω αυτόν τε καί τούς παιδας τούς
εκείνου καθ άπερ Αρμόδιον τε καί Αριστογείτονα καί τούς απογόνους αυτών... (Ανδοκίδης, "Περί των μυστηρίων" 96 - 98)
5) According to the ancient Greek writers Euripides, Aeschylus etc on one
hand the Cadmus (= the founder of Thebes) and his ascendants (Eteoclees,
Polinicis, Oedipus etc) was not
Phoenicians, but Greeks, they spoken Greek etc and on the other hand the
ancient land of Phoenicia (where was Master Aginor, from where came from Cadmus
and established the town of Thebes, from where came the prince Europe etc) was
a island on Europe, in western part of Greece and of Italy, in the
Turrinian sea and not a land in Asia
<<… Κάδμος ηνίκ’ ήλθε γην
τήνδ’ εκλιπών Φοίνισαν εναλία χθόνα…..>>
(Ευριπίδη, Φοίνισσαι 1- 10)
Τύριον οιδμα λιπουσ' εβαν ακροθίνια Λοξία
Φοινίσσας από νάσου
Φοίβω δούλα μελάθρων,
ιν' υπό δειράσι
νιφοβόλοις Παρνασσου κατενάσθη,
Ιόνιον κατά πόντον ελάτα πλεύσασα
περιρρύτω υπέρ ακαρπίστων πεδίων Σικελίας
Ζεφύρου πνοαις ιππεύσαντος, εν ουρανω κάλλιστον κελάδημα.
πόλεος εκπροκριθεισ' εμας καλλιστεύματα Λοξία
Καδμείων εμολον γαν κλεινων Αγηνοριδαν ομογενεις επί Λάϊου
πεφθεισ' ενθάδε πύργους.... (Ευριπίδης, Φοίνισσαι 210-220)
«Θήβας πυρώσας τάσδε Πολυνείκης Θεοις
ασπίδας εθηκε; μηδέποτ',
ω τέκνον, κλέος
τοιόνδε σοι γένοιθ' υφ' Ελλήνων λαβειν».. (Ευριπίδης,
Φοίνισσαι 580)
«ξέναι γυναίκες, είπατ΄, εκ ποίας πάτρας
Ελληνικοισι δώμασιν πελάζετε;» (Ευριπίδης, Φοίνισσαι 278 279)
«Κάδμος εμολε τάνδε γαν Τύριος,
ω τετρασκελής μόσχος αδάματον πέσημα... (Ευριπίδης, Φοίνισσαι
640-670)
« Ω γης Ελλάδος
στρατηλάτες
Δαναω άριστης, οιπερ
ηλθατ΄ ενθάδε,
Κάδμου τε λαός, μήτε
Πολυνείκους χάριν.. (Ευριπίδης, Φοίνισσαι 1220 -12230)
« σφυρών σιδηρα κέντρα διαπείρας μέσον΄
όθεν νιν Ελλάς ωνόμαζεν Οιδίπους (Ευριπίδης, Φοίνισσαι 26-29)
«Ω Ζευ τε κα`ι Γη και Πολιουχοι θεοί,
Αρα τ' Εριν`υς πατρός η μεγασθενής,
μή μοι πόλιν γε πρυμνόθεν πανώλεθρον
εκθαμνίσητε δηάλωτον, Ελλάδος
φθόγγον χέουσαν, και δόμους εφεστίους,
ελευθέραν δε γην τε και Κάδμου πόλιν
ζεύλησι δουλίησι μήποτε
σχεθείν»... (Αισχύλος, Επτά επί Θήβας
69-80)
6) According to others ancient writers the letters of Greek alphabet are Cretan made up,
see e.g.:
Δοσιάδης δε
εν Κρήτη φησίν ευρεθήναι αυτά (τα γράμματα)", ενώ ο Διόδωρος λέει: "φασίν (οι Κρήτες) τους Φοίνικας
ουκ εξ αρχής ευρείν, αλλά τους τύπους των γραμμάτων μεταθείναι μόνον".
( Ε. Μπέκερ, "Ελλ. Ανέκδοτα" ΙΙ
783,14)
«Ο Παλαμήδης άφωνα και
φωνουντα συλλαβάς τεθείς εξευρον ανθρώποισι γράμματα ειδέναι.» (Διόδωρος, βιβλιοθήκη 3, 76, 3)
7) As nowadays we write some Greek words with
Greek and Latin characters the same was in ancient times in Theba with the
Phoenician and Greek Characters
3. The falsies for Long - short duration letters and for iconic letters
According to the Plato (See the book: "KRATYLOS") the Greek
script is phthogical (“φθογγική” = by each sound of the word) and
at the same time iconic ( “εικονική” = by expression of
picture). The letters Ω, H, Y are parallax of the letters I, 0 for reasons of better
expression. The unanimous letters of alphabet O & Ω, H & I & ΕΙ…
there are in order to they attend in the writing apart from the sound and the
icon (picture) of that we write, in order that the reader has apart from his
sound and ocular picture of the things. We put in script of a word the letter I
instead the letters Y, I, when the meaning from word that we write is something
thin, small and for penetration. We put the letter H instead the I, Y when this
is something long, with length. We put the letter O instead Ω when this is something round (circular, global) etc
According to the Alexandrines
grammatical (secretaries - writers in bibliotheca of
Consequently here we have two different
opinions, with regard to which kind of writing is the Greek writing (or the
value of the letters O & Ω, Η & I Υ…), therefore is placed the question for who finally has right?
The answer is “ No one!”
And this, because the letters O & Ω Η & Ι … are homophones
(unanimous, same pitch, same phthong), now and always (from their invention), that
exists in the Greek script no for the reasons that we saw saying more before
the Erasmus, the Plato etc., but for technicians, for comprehensions
(intellectual, understanding) reasons.
To suggest, by rules, on the one hand the faith sound composition of words (we
record dance floor phonetically the oral speech) and on the other hand the
etymology of words (we suggest ocular in the reader the which part of speech,
type of also production or composition it is the each word that we write), hence
as help and in their comprehension by the reader and in the discrimination
(distinguish, district ion) homophones words. That is to say is the Greek
writing of sounding (phonetic) and simultaneously etymological, after it
records from the one sound and from the other what we mean etymological.
Something that is also proved with experiment and with irrefutably documents
and arguments.
See (compare) that:
1) With the letters. –ω, ει we write all the
verbs: καλώ, καλεί, λέγω, λέγει… (= I call, it calls, I say…), with letters
–o,ι we write all neutral: καλό, ψωμί, τυρί… (= good, bread,…), with letter –η we write all female that expire in sound -ι: καλή, σοφή…, with the letters –oι we write all plurals of males that expire in sound –ι: καλοί, σοφοί…...
See (compare) the same sound letters ω & ο, η & ι & υ… we distinguish the
homophones (same sound)
words or we understand for which part of speech or type we speak: καλώ (with –ω = verb) and καλό (with –o = surname, adjective). Similarly: κουτή & κουτοί & κουτί' (= the
box), λύρα & λίρα… Compare
and that when to us they say a word in order to him we write, eg the word
"αγαθι', we ask you speak (you mean) for female
noun (if thus, then we write with chapter A, as
all the main names, and with letter –η, as all the female:
Aγαθ-ή, Miss Αγαθή) or speak for singular female simple surname (if thus, then we write
only with –η as all female:
αγαθή, αγαθή
και
καλή
γυναίκα) or speak for plural of male surname (if thus, then we write with –oι,
as all the plurals of males: αγαθοί ).
See and: με ταξί
& μεταξύ, καλό & καλώ, καλοί & καλή, καλώς & καλός, οι
αδελφοί Κατσιμπόκοι" &
" η αδελφή Κατσιμπόκη",
"Της τιμημένης νεκρής" &
"Τοις τιμημένοις νεκροίς", «οι
παραγωγοί της Κρήτης» & «η παραγωγή της Κρήτης», κριτικός & κριτικός,
Είναι κριτικός & Είναι κρητικός… where, as we see, with the unanimous letters o
& ω, η & ι & υ & ει.. we suggest in the reader for which part of speech or type is our each written word
or with them we distinguish homophones (same sound) words.
2) If they are absent from the written speech or if we only wrote by
sounding (without the letters o & ω, η & ι …), the reader it doesn't have help in one
hand in the etymology (comprehension) the words and in other hand in the discrimination same sound words. That is to say it
might not distinguish when the words that we write speak for male (arsenic) and
when for female, when for singular and when for plural, when for verb and when
for noun substantive etc, eg: "καλι" = καλό & καλώ (= good and calls), "φιλί" = φιλί (kiss) and φυλή (race), "lι'pι" = λύπη (sorrow) and λίπη (greases) and λείπει (absent).
IMPORTANT NOTE:
1) Because (Whereas) the Alexandrines
writers did not know the reason for which the constructors of Greek alphabet (the discovery of Greek alphabet
became between 14/13 century b.C, finally
linear writing, and 9/8 century before Christ ) putted in the script the letters Ω, Η, Υ, that while it is
with different form pronounced similarly with the letters O, I and because in the others
ancient scripts (Egyptian, Phoenician, Arabic, Aramaic etc) there are long and
short vowel for this reason and the Alexandrines believed (thong) that in the ancient Greek
script the homophone letters I & H , O & Ω….. was for long and short vowels.
2) Those who said Plato for the unanimous letters Ω and Ο, Η and Ι & Υ… have a scientific base, only that they are in effect as
for why they have the form that has the letters and no as for why we have more
the one unanimous letters for certain sounds of word, that is to say O and Ω, Η and Υ or Ι… The inventor of Greek alphabet instead he puts accidental
letters (symbols), as made the other alphabets (see Hebrew, cuneiform etc), put
what has, that is to say devised makes the form of letters according to what
says the Plato (the letter O = round, letter I = small etc), in order that in
the writing is attributed also other meanings, what says the Plato. Wise men
ancient Greek grammatical. (More for the
opinions of Plato, as well as why have the letters the forms that have, see:
"Τhe Greek system of writing", A. Krasana'kis)
OBSERVATION:
1. Because at the production, composition and
transport of word in other language (or in dialect) the sound E as well as the cluster
of EE, convert (change) in I, that is written orthographically with H instead I
(this in one hand for indication of sound passion and in other hand if we speak
for bending or verb, noun or abject etc), eg: .: έθος
> ηθική (λατινική ethiki), Ετεοκλέες (Αντιγόνη) > Ετεοκλής,, χρέματα > χρήματα, πλέον > πλήθος, Μνεσίθεος > Μνησίθεος..., for this reason and believed from the Erasmus and his partisans that
the letter H pronounced before as extended (long) e, that is to say as EE.
2. Because the sound
U is not reported in the Greek alphabet (it is not reported because is written
with two digits, that is to say OY, therefore is reported the digits him O + Y
= OY) and in Latin the sound this is written with the letter U(u) that
resembles with the Greek letter Y(υ), for this and
believed from the Erasmus and his partisans that the letter Y(υ) pronounced before as u or o-u. However
that it resembles he is not same.
3. Because the letter Ω(ω) enters instead
the letter (o) in the synaeresis of: oo, αο: νόος – νως
ή
νους, τιμαόμενος > τιμώμενος, ....., for indication
of this passion, for this and believed from the Erasmus and his partisans that this before pronounced as
extended (long) O, that is to say as OO. .
4. Because the two NN (nn), KK (kk)... in certain
words they emanate from composition (e.g.: εκ-κλησις > εκκλησία), for this and believed from the Erasmus and his partisans
that also the two digits similar double: MM(mm) LL(ll).... pronounced before.
However this is error, because:
a) Two similar consonants (mm, nn..) in a word (if they even emanate
from composition, e.g.: συν-νομος,
εν-ράπτω…) it can pronounced and the two only if the word is cut in two and
pronounced until two, with two tons (accent), e.g.: παρέκ-κλήσιο… Something that does not become in the Greek language minus only in
idioms accents of Italian: prattico ("pra't-tj'ko"), statj'co
("sta't-tj'ko"), phonetic ("fo'n-netj'k)...
b) The doubly similar letters mm nn... enter compatible (technically,
with orthographic rules) in the sounds passion of assimilation (afomiosis, αφομοίωσης),
for reminder of this passion, e.g.: : π,β,φ + μ = μμ, ν + ν,λ,ρ,μ = νν,λλ,ρρ,μμ: συ(ν)-μαθητής > συμμαθητής, συν-ράπτω > συρράπτω, παν-λαϊκός > παλλαϊκός, εν-νομος > έννομος,.. οπή - ό(π)μα > όμμα > μάτι, κόβω -κό(β)μα > κόμμα, γράφω - γρά(φ)μα > γράμμα...
c) The consonants pronounced never with other consonant or alone them, but
always with a vowel, where also their name = σύν-φωνα ("con-voice, sonar"). Consonant with conform (with other
consonant) pronounced together only if does exist vowel and the one from the
two consonant is semivowel or not voiceless – the reason that we do not see in the words combinations as βφ, τχ, τβ, βχ….
5. Because the letters δ, β, γ
do not exist in the Latin alphabet (does not exist, because
sound that represents suggest with letter th, v, y and with somehow strange
way, see e.g. in English: jot & yatagan, then & thin…) and
because the clusters nt, mp, g/nk many words change in sounds: d b g, e.g.: γκαρίζω - γ(κ)άϊδαρος > γάιδαρος, μπογιατζής > Βογιάτζης, Graecia – γραικός, συγγραφέας > συγ(γ)ραφέας…. for this and believed from the Erasmus and
his partisans that the letters δ, β, γ before pronounced
as ντ(d) μπ (b) γγ(g).
6. Because the two digits letters: αι, υι, οι, ου they resemble with the diphthongs αϊ, υϊ, οϊ, οϋ and because certain ancient Greek words that contain diphthongs have
changed today accent because sound of words affections
(passion) and however are written again with the
same precisely letters, e.g.: γάία
– γαία, ομόϊος > όμοιος, θέϊος > θείος…, for this and the Erasmus with his partisans they believed that the
Greek writing is historical. Naturally these words can be written again with
similar letters, however now without dialytica or with placement of accentual mark in different letter, e.g. Ομόϊος > όμοιος…. Always in the Greek writing, in
the words that changes their accent, changes or the letters their or orthographic
marks (the new accent she appears - it is indicated with the abstraction of
dialytica or with the placement of accentual mark, old the circumflex, in the
second vowel etc), see e.g.: γάϊα
> γαία, θέίος > θείος.. You do not occupy -
it was careful these the Erasmus, because so much the dialytica
what the
different accentual marks they do not exist in their Latin writing.
4. The false of
Indo-European nation and Language
According to certain European linguistics of 18/19th century AD (Italian
F. Sasseti, German F. Bopp, English W. Jones and others) three thousand years
ago all the peoples from
The above opinions are
wrong, because:
1) All language has common words, because of the geography,
history, emporium, sciences… where there are no borderlands and the athletes,
doctors, operatives, workmen… use common words, same names, i.e.: Ολυμπία > Olympia, Λονδίνο > London, Χρηστός > Christ… (For more see “Foreign words or linguistics loans”)
2) If such language – nation had existed, she will had left indication, script or architect monuments
(inscription, epigraphs etc)
3) The ancient writer Thucydides (A, 3 – 19) say that all peoples until 80
years after Trojan war (the times of last cathodes of Doriens) was living with nomad and emigration vita, because until
these times there is not secure (army), agriculture and emporium. Cretan king
Minos was the first that makes naval army and lows and stoped the emigration of
Greeks in Aegean see etc. The ancient writer Herodotus (in A history) says that
until 80 years after Trojan War (the times of last cathodes of Doriens) there
is not Greeks and barbarians, but all people was barbarian. In these times for
first time the Greek nation delivered from barbarian nation etc.
4) The language of a commonalty is creature of its lingual ability
(For more see the book: «Linguistics
Lessons», A. Krassanakis) in the time. See the New Greek language that is
different to ancient.
d) The Greek words are formed (borne) by the Greeks time to time
through:
a) Sound making
Sound made words are those made by the imitation of sounds in the
environment i.e.: β... > βοώ,
βόμβος, βόμβα... μπαμ – μπουμ > μπαλωθιά, μπαρούτι,
μπουμπουνητό, μπόμπα... τρ... > τρίβω, τρίζω,
τρυπάνι... γαβ – γαβ > γαβγίζω.... (See in English: bomb, cry,
…)
b) Derivation:
Derived wards are those who born from another, i.e.: κράτος > κρατικός, (See in English: govern >
government, love > lovely…)
c) Composition (synthesis):
Compounded words are those who born from two or more others: δια + κράτος
> δια- κρατικός, αστυ-φύλακας…
(See in English: police-man, land-lord, Englishman….)
d) Falsification
Falsified words are those who
born from other with phthongic alteration (which means addition, abstraction, transposition-removal
or alternation) of a sounding in an ancient word i.e.: χώρα (τόπου) & (χ)ώρα > ώρα (χρόνου), κόνις >(σ)κόνη, πυρία > (σ)πύρ(τ)α, σπόγγος > σφουγγάρι...
(See in English: live (pronunciation “laiv”)> living (pronunciation “livink”),
athlete > athleticism…)
e) Abusive derivation which means changing the:
a. Type (= the gender, the case and the number) of an ancient word,
i.e.: αι
Αθήναι>η
Αθήνα, αι
Θήβαι > η θήβα, ο
έμπορος, > η έμπορος,
ο
σύζυγος > η σύζυγος.
b. The part of speech (an adjective turned into a noun, for instance) of
an ancient word, i.e.: κεραμική, μηχανική
(Here the words are adjectives) ... τέχνη > η κεραμική, η
μηχανική (Here the words are nouns), Same: παράγωγος
> ο
παραγωγός, παράγωγη > η παραγωγή,
ζεστή > η ζέστη,
c. The typological ending (form) of an ancient word (let’s refer, for
instance, the abolition of the third kind of ancient accidence – conjugation): λύσ-ις > λύσ-η,
οντότ-ης > οντότ-ητα,
Ελλά-ς > Ελλ-άδα,
ρήτ-ωρ > ρήτ-ορας,
κλητ-ήρ > κλητήρας….
5. The false of
difficult Greek script
a. Greek script is the
most perfect of world.
(It writes not only like magnetograph, but
more!
The Greek script is the only system in the world in which you can write
exactly what you enunciate (utter) phonetically (in phthongs = sounds of words)
and what at the same time you mean etymologically (in part of speech, gender,
number, case or person and in derivation and compound of the words), using the
alphabet letters: A(α), Β(β),..., and proportional (with rules) the homophone letters ο & ω, ε & αι, η & υ & ι.:
Phonetic (in phthongs, in oral speech): “fili, filo, calo”…
& In Greek script: φυλή (with –η, if we mean feminine) & φιλί (with –ι, if we mean neutral), φύλο (with one λ, if we mean of tree) & φύλλο (with tow λλ, if we mean of people), καλό (with –ο, if we mean adjective) & καλώ (with –ω, if we mean verb)….
Important note:
1) With microphone make mistake, but with Greek writing system no, see
e.g.:
Micro phonic: galia, lira, kalos, kali…
Greek script: Γαλλία & γάλλια & γαλιά…. λύρα &
λίρα, καλός & καλώς, καλή & καλεί & καλοί…
2) The only thing that cannot be produced (written) with the Greek script is the
whistling and the color
of the voice. That is something that cannot be conveyed in the oral speech from
one person to another.
3) Since phthongs are invariable sound elements and the Greek script
transfers on to paper exactly what we utter (tell) phonetically and at the same
time what we mean etymologically the moment we are writing, it is easy looking
back at the ancient scripts, to notice how the Greek words were phonetically at
each period of the Greek language as well as to observe the language at itself.
Some others script systems are phonetic
(Italic, Russian etc), but not etymologically.
b. Greek script is the
easiest in the world.
Ιt can be learned in 30 minutes!
The Greek system of writing is the easier of world, if taught, as it
should, with the alphabet and his rules; otherwise it appears labyrinth, like the
Chinese ideographic script.
His time of learning is so much that needs in order to you learn (All
that one needs to do is to memorize the following):
1) The alphabet or the equivalence of the 20 sounds: α, ε, ο, ι, u, k, gh, h, t, δ, θ, p, v, f, m, n, l, r, s, ζ with correspondent 39
their letter: Α(α) = [α], ΑΙ(αι) = Ε(ε) = [ε], Ο(ο) = Ω(ω) = [ο], ΟΥ(ου) = [u]...
Something that does not need above 10 minutes.
2) The rules that we use the unanimous letters of alphabet: ω & ο, ε & αι, μμ & μ... in the writing e.g.:
Verbs with -ω,ει: καλ-ώ, καλείς, καλεί, σήκ-ω,…
Females with -η: καλή, καλής, νίκη, τιμή...
Neutrals with -ο/ι: καλ-ό, κακό, φυτό... τυρί, ψωμί…
Males (plural) with –οι: καλοί, κακοί,…
,……………….
Something that does not need above 20 minutes, see:.
"καλή
μάνα" with -η, while
"καλοί άνθρωποι"
with-οι,
"καλό πράγμα" with
-ο, while "καλώ τον Γιώργο" with -ω,
"καλός άνθρωπος" with -ο, while
"καλώς τον Γιώργο" with -ω,....
Unless it is for small children or for foreigners, that do not know the
language, therefore the difficulty lies in learned the language and not the
script.
Hence learning is time-consuming and only is then achieved, when
"she cutes" in the student that the writing becomes depending on
which part of speech, type and production or composition it is the word, e.g.
the words “kalo, kali” = :
καλ-ή, with -η, if is female, as all the others: νίκη, τιμή....
& καλ-εί,
with ει, if it is verb, as all the others: θέλει, λέει, λέγει…
καλό, with -ο, if it is adjective, as all the others: σοφό, νέο.. …
& καλώ, with - ω, if it is verb, as all the others: λέγω. τιμώ…..
Important note:
1) The Greek script may appear very complex and difficult at first glance,
because of the homophone letters O(o) & Ω(ω), Η(η) & Υ(υ) & Ι(Ι)…, but it is actually very simple and easy, if you know the alphabet
and its rules. The rules which dictate to us when and how we use the homophone
letters: Ο(o) & Ω(ω), Υ(υ) & Η(η) & Ι(Ι)...
2) Older (Some time ago) the Greek script was much more difficult,
because the learner on one had to remember the spelling rules of the breathings
and stressing marks. Nowadays, however, after their suppression from the pre
demote form of language; the Greek script has become (simplified) easier.
3) We teach the children first the language (vocabulary, structure of
words, parts of speech, phonetic variations...) and then the Greek script
(letters and their rules). This is because the writing of the word according to
the Greek script does not occur accidentally or simply phonetically, but it
depends on the part of the speech and the form of the word (more see later).
Since the phthongs are identical for all the languages, the Greek script
can be applied to all the languages.
FOR
MORE SEE THE BOOKS:
“THE GREEK WRITING SYSTEM, A. KRASSANAKIS”
THE GREEK LANGUAGE. A. KRASSANAKIS